Half of a yellow Sun, full movie

 

Half of a yellow Sun, full movie 

The ancient Nation of Biafra

Biafra was an ancient country which appeared first in the map of the world drawn by the Portuguese explorers between 1492 and 1729 located in the African continent. The map is still available today in the British Library and other Libraries of the world and shows Biafra as a large country then spelt variously as “Biafara”, “Biafar” and “Biafares” having boundaries with such ancient empires as Ethiopia, Egypt, Sudan, Bini, Kamerun, Congo, Gabon, and others. It was in 1843 that the Map of Africa showed the country spelt as “Biafra” having some parts of the modern day Cameroon within its boundary including the disputed Bakassi Peninsula. The original territory of Biafra was not restricted to the present Eastern Nigeria alone. According to the ancient maps, the Portuguese travelers used the word “Biafara” to describe the entire region of the Lower Niger River and eastwards up to the Cameroon Mountain and down to the eastern coastal tribes, thus including parts of the modern day Cameroon and Gabon. The ancient Map of Africa in 1662 shows the three kingdoms in West Africa from where Nigeria was created, namely: The Kingdom of Biafra in the East, The Kingdom of Benin in the West and The Kingdom of Zamfara in the North. Every indigenous person inhabiting the country now called Nigeria has his or her ancestral root from one of these three ancient kingdoms.

From the records of history, Biafra had existed on the Map of Africa for more than 400 years before Nigeria was created in 1914. The British had diplomatic dealings with Biafrans before the new country called Nigeria was created. John Beecroft was the British Consul of the Bight of Biafra from 30th June 1849 to 10th June 1854 with his headquarters in Fernando Po in the Bight of Biafra. The city of Fernando Po is now called Bioko in Equatorial Guinea. It was from the Bight of Biafra that John Beecroft, eager to control the trade in the west and supported by Christian missionaries at Badagry, bombarded Lagos which became a British colony in 1851 and was formally ceded to Queen Victoria, the Queen of England in 1861, in whose honour Victoria Island Lagos was named. Thus, the British had established their presence in Biafraland before they annexed Lagos in 1861. The left part of the Gulf of Guinea opposite the Bight of Biafra was designated on the Map of Africa as Bight of Benin. The word “Bight” is an ancient English word for “Bay”. The ancient Kingdom of Biafra in the East had its western neighbour as the Kingdom of Benin. Therefore, Biafra was a sovereign entity with its own geographical territory clearly shown on the Map of Africa before the coming of the Europeans just like the ancient nations of Ethiopia, Egypt, Sudan, etc. The Biafra Nation practised autonomous democracies among its clans as practised among the Ibos today. Actually, the Republic of Biafra which was declared in 3 1967 by General Odumegwu Ojukwu was not a new country but an attempt to restore the ancient Biafra Nation that existed before Nigeria was created by the British.

The map of Biafra was deleted in 1884 – 1885 in the Berlin Conference in Germany when the Europeans and Americans placed the map of Africa on a table and shared the lands of Africa among themselves as colonies which act is known in history as the Scramble for Africa. They colonized the lands of Africa and created some new countries and redrew the maps. Unfortunately, in dividing the lands of Africa among themselves, they deleted the Map of Biafra and other ancient maps on the African Continent and merged different peoples together to create new countries without knowing the native tribal boundaries. One of the new countries they created was Nigeria. This arbitrary sharing of the lands of Africa and creating artificial boundaries to merge incompatible tribes into one nation has caused much spilling of blood in Africa. Some of the indigenous people of Biafra were carved into Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria, etc. Most of the descendants of the ancestors of Biafraland have lost their ancestral root but only the Ibos are still boldly upholding their ancestral identity as descendants of indigenous people of Biafra. I have underlined the word, boldly, because there are some Biafrans in the South-South and Middle Belt who are afraid to declare their identity in public because of the fear of persecution. Only the Ibos are being persecuted for their Biafranness and their gospel of Biafranism. It is very clear that within Nigeria, some clans have renounced their Biafran identity. The fear of persecution associated with the name of BIAFRA is the factor that has caused many Biafrans to deny their identity as the law appears too weak to protect them. — paper presented by Emeka Adolphus Chigozie Emekesri

Biafra Failed Because The War Was Not Fought Before It Began

By Osita Ebiem

At this stage in their collective history it will be very naïve of any Igbo politician of repute, business investor or elite of any shade not to have thought seriously about the anticipated and inevitable breakup of the Nigerian union. The mark of the good politician or leader in any field is being foresighted. The Igbo leader is not only the one that thinks and acts in the interest of the collective, they are able to predict future events and believe in their predictions enough by making concrete efforts to prepare and position themselves, the institution and people they represent to benefit or at the least, not lose as much as they would have when the event eventually occurs. It is always better to be prepared and the event never happens than to be caught unprepared or even under-prepared. The Igbo leader is the one who is able to think of those things that may never happen like they would. Every Igbo leader or any Igbo at all alive today is supposed to have simulated every aspect of what will happen to them and their people after the disintegration of Nigeria. True Igbo leadership is all about responsibility to the people you lead; thinking and planning ahead for them and actually conducting your activities like you mean what you say or think.

Let’s look at the above position in the light of the Biafra War. In the history books and the accounts of witnesses it is well known that the Nigerian state was the aggressor in the war. Nigeria with the help of Great Britain, USSR and the Arab nations combined forces and fought dirty to defeat Biafra in 1970. With that said it is true that Biafra lost the War because of the formidable forces that allied themselves against the new nation. Yet, as it is with other complex things in life, if we looked close enough we will see other reasons why Biafrans failed in their justified first attempt at Self Determination and independence. As we go on we will find an uncomfortable lapse on the side of Igbo leaders. We will see that the War was lost not as a result of lack of courage or necessarily because of the seemingly insurmountable odds against Biafra. Biafrans had all the courage they needed because someone said that Biafrans did not just fight hard and well as heroes, he said that heroes fight like Biafrans. Biafrans so demonstrated courage and bravery against odds that today people equate Biafra with, apart from Freedom and Human Dignity; Heroism!



 Photo Above: Map of Defunct Republic of Biafra

Over the years Biafra has become synonymous with those who do heroic things. Today it is believed that whoever that is a Biafran is a hero and does things that befit heroes. But fighting and defending oneself and others as heroes do might sound impressive to some, especially when a vulnerable people come under the threat of total extermination. But when we consider it by a different standard we may be surprised to see that there may not be much in it to be proud of after all. Life force is among the most powerful forces in existence. In summer time, I have seen green grasses grow almost lush in cracks in the middle of busy roads where ten thousand vehicles run on every day. That is an excellent example of the power of the will to survive that is inherent in living things. For grass existence, to endure such harsh and impossible conditions and still survive and maybe thrive is commendable. But here we are talking about human beings with higher intellects than mere grasses. Nature endowed humans with the power of the intellect that enables them to not just exist but determine their existence. Humans have the capacity to, through the power of their mind, determine the quality of their existence here on Earth. This explains the saying; to whom much is given, much is expected.
For Igbo/Biafrans, it is not enough to fight and defend their right to life; they are expected to do more than that. When in the 1980s Nigerian Muslims recommenced the Islamic jihad on the Igbo in Kano and other cities in the North of Nigeria under the name Maitatsine; a variant of today’s Boko Haram, the Igbo after overcoming the initial shock of surprise attack, rose up and defended themselves. The Nigerian government just like today could not defend them. There were Igbo businessmen that had shops in the city that sold guns. They took a quick decision and emptied their stores by distributing the guns to fellow Igbo in Sabon Gari, Kano. Their attackers backed down when their Islamic beheading knives and daggers were matched with Igbo guns and ammunition. We can go on and list other such heroic moments when the Igbo came together and fought as one against a common enemy. Yet, as commendable as the action of self-defense is, for the Igbo to not just survive but become secure and prosperous, they must take it a step further from that basic level. They must shift their attention from fighting survival battles, and learn to come together and fight future battles before they begin.

All progressive societies around the world at one point in their history confronted this truth and recognized its significance to their success. There is no nation or a group of people that has made any significant progress by remaining at the level of the reactionary. The Igbo nation of today must come to the realization that if she must live successfully in this world, then she must learn to take the initiative in all areas of human endeavors. Igbo people must become offensive and take the fight to the enemy territory rather than lead a carefree existence and only fight back when attacked. The Igbo of this generation must position their nation to begin to take advantage of the works of past generations. Again that is the hallmark of all progressive societies; the ability to stand on the shoulders of past generations rather than let each new generation start from the scratch. It is only lower animals and plants that start afresh at every new season. Even then they have the advantage of their natural instinct and self-adjusting genetic coding capability to compensate for what they lost in their lack of the ability to process complex information and stimuli and make adjustments ahead of events. 


Photo Above: Ojukwu, Ex-Biafran Leader Inspecting Guard of Honour


From available evidences Igbo leaders, politicians and intellectuals failed to fight the Biafra War ten, twenty years before it began. Such lapses on the side of the people in responsible positions in Igbo/Biafra Land are unacceptable and must never happen again. Contrary to Igbo people’s attitude about the country, the others in Nigeria never hid their negative feelings and intentions against the Igbo long before the 1966 Igbo pogrom/genocide that led up to the 1967 to 1970 war. For any careful observer it was not difficult to see how the Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba and others fought their own side of the war long before it began. They won the War not necessarily because of the combined forces of Britain, Soviet Union, Egypt and the Arab League of Nations. (Readers who care to pursue this point further are encouraged to listen to and read what the Ahmadu Bellos and others of Nigeria had to say about Igbo people ten, twenty years before the War). The present generation of Igbo people cannot afford to allow the repeat of that pre-War mistake. The leaders must learn to think and plan ahead while calling the bluff of the frowning faces of demagogues who flaunt before them the catch phrases; “you want to break up the country,” “you want to be rebels”. Igbo leaders, politicians and intellectuals must stop falling victims of the trap of wanting to please these Nigerian browbeaters by recoiling and apologizing for their very existence. They must stop being content with just living for the moment and “safe” so that no one accuses them of “trying to break up the country”. Nigeria should have broken up long before now, anyway. The union should never have been in the first place.
Anyone for that matter, but especially Igbo leaders in any capacity should be concerned about what verdict the next generation would pass on what they did or failed to do. If the present Igbo political leadership and intellectuals failed to see ten, twenty years before now the eventual breakup of Nigeria and emergence of an independent and sovereign Igbo or Biafra nation then something is wrong. By today they ought to have completed all preparations needed to run a successful Igbo/Biafra nation state, separate from Nigeria.
It is gross negligence and irresponsibility on the side of Igbo political, business and intellectual leaders of today to be so concerned about what their neighbors, “the frowning demagogues” will say or just being “conscious” of the feelings of the others who are working only for their own people’s benefits, and fail to work for the improvement of the fortunes of the present and future of Igbo people. We are not stretching the truth when we say that the current Islamic Boko Haram scourge against Igbo/Biafrans would never have happened if Igbo intellectuals and leaders had prepared for it ten to twenty years before it began. If this tide of death and destruction that is continuously unleashed on the Igbo in Nigeria must be turned away then Igbo leaders and intellectuals must resolve to reverse this collective suicidal trend of only reacting after the heads of their people have been Islamic-ally cut off.
At this point there may still be those who are yet to be convinced and are still bent on finding “solutions” by finding ways through which Igbo people will continue to coexist with the rest of Nigerians in the same country; that is not a problem. It is the duty of the collective Igbo/Biafran leaders and thinkers to patiently work harder still to persuade such persons. No single Igbo or Biafran will be left behind. Igbo opinion leaders, politicians, intellectuals and business people must find a way to patiently educate and persuade every Igbo/Biafra skeptic on why their only option is living independently away from Nigeria. Let them show the people why one-Nigeria is not and can never be an option for Igbo people. Igbo leaders and intellectuals must find the way to convince the residual doubters that the fault or impossibility of a one-Nigerian state is too fundamental and practically irreconcilable. The fault line lies at the center of the unbridgeable differences in the way of life of the various peoples that make up one-Nigeria. The cultural/religious diversities existing amongst the various ethnic peoples that comprise the Nigerian union are irreconcilable. It is the duty of Igbo leaders to convince the unbelievers among their people that culture and a people’s way of doing things is the very essence of the people’s being and cannot be compromised. Let them know that it is the reason why people everywhere fight to death to preserve the way they do things as distinct from those of others. It is the duty of Igbo leaders to convince their people on the fact that no matter the rhetoric on the contrary, no one will win the war for one-Nigeria. It is an ideological warfare, a cultural/religious browbeating. And to win is to begin by positioning the Igbo nation and showing the people how to fight the next Biafra and all other Igbo/Biafra wars before they begin.

Ojukwu’s burial: Committee unveils program of events

Today February 9th, 2012, the final burial plan for the late Dim Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu has been released by members of the committee, with activities programmed to take place in all parts of the country and oversea.

Briefing journalists in Abuja, Vice-Chairman of the burial committee, Senator Uche Chukwumerije stated that due to Ojukwu’s status, his burial was planned to have a national outlook, most importantly, as prominent people from all parts of the country insisted that they should not be left out of the burial.

He also stated that social and political groups such as the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB), as well as intellectual bodies would all be integrated into the events and would be welcomed without inhibitions.

The program, which commenced formally yesterday with the mounting of billboards in all strategic places in the country, has all the states in the old Eastern Region firmly represented and playing active role in the burial.
Chukwumerije made known at the briefing that youth bodies in the South-east states would commence the Icho Mmadu (looking for the deceased) in every part of the zone to bring up the tempo of the burial to the hinterland and the nooks and crannies of the country.

Speaking further, Chukwumerije said special prayer for Nigeria and justice for Ndigbo and other groups in the country would be held on Sunday, while Icho Mmadu would be held in Zungeru, where Ojukwu was born and in Abidjan, where he took refuge after the Civil War. “There would be similar programs in Kaduna and Accra, while people in Abidjan and citizens in the Diaspora would also carry out their activities on Wednesday, just as same program would take place in Makurdi, Benue State, Kano, Calabar, Kano, Uyo, Port Harcourt, Yenagoa, Lagos, Aba, Owerri, Umuahia, Aba, Enugu, Awka and Nnewi, at dates between February 14 and 25.

“The remains of the foremost Igbo personality would arrive at the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, Abuja, on February 27, where a program tagged Onye Ije Nnoo (welcome home) would be held, while the body would depart immediately to major towns in the South-east, for further funeral ceremonies. “The final journey for the Eze Igbo Gburu Gburu, would take place with a national funeral ceremony on February 29, with series of activities going on simultaneously in Awka and Nnewi, while the interment would take place on March 2, in Nnewi, according to the Nnewi customs and traditions,” Chukwumerije stated.

Chukwumerije, who said he was representing Justice Chukwudifu Oputa, who is the chairman of the committee, explained that though the Federal Government was yet to make known to the committee, its level of involvement in the burial, it had received assurances from the Secretary to the Government of the Federation (SGF), Anyim Pius Anyim of the government’s full participation in the burial.

He explained that though the earlier burial programs were disrupted by the nationwide fuel subsidy strikes, the “activities lined up for his burial will progressively increase in scale and intensity as the interment date draws closer.”
While saying that the program he reeled out was the outcome of the agreement reached with the family and Nnewi traditional institution, Chukwumerije said: “There will be all sorts of people coming to the South-east and particularly, to Enugu and Nnewi at that period. They are all welcome. We expect MASSOB, social and youth groups, masquerade groups, as well as other groups. And all of them are welcome.

Biafrans - Who they are, part 2

Map of Ancient Africa with Biafra

The name Biafra like the name Africa can be traced back to the Moorish Tribe of Bani Ifran, a name meaning the Children of Ephraim. In this setting Ephraim refers to their descent from the Israelite tribe of Ephraim being the House of Joseph.

The Bani Ifran or Biafrans were also known as the Bafar tribes and it is they who established the Black Moorish Kingdoms of Ghana,Mali and Songhai. From Mali many of the Biafrans migrated to the areas of present day Nigeria where they became the leaders of the Igbo Nation. 

In this regard the authority of the Biafrans was symbolized by the donning of

the Moorish Red Fez which became the sign of an Igbo Chief. The Bani-Ifran also established the " Divination System " known to the Yoruba as IFA and to the Igbo as EFA or AFA. This Ephraimite Divination System was practiced by the Prophet Joseph in Egypt and was passed on to his son Ephraim being the progenitor of the Bani-Ifran or Biafran people.

The original Biafrans were members of a Moorish tribe in Morocco known as the Bani-Ifran. A name referring to their descent from the Israelite tribe of Ephraim. Those who settled in Mauritania and Mali became known as the BAFOUR or BAFAR (BIAFAR,BIAFRAN) tribes. They were at times referred to as Black Moors or Black Berbers. They were members of the Mande tribes from which the Mandingo based Soninke and Malinke belonged. In this regard they were amongst the founders of the Ancient Ghana,Mali and Songhai. 

To this day there is a tribe in Guinea-Bissau called the Biafada and they are alternatively known as the Biafara. They speak a Mande based language. Traveling from Mali many of the Biafrans settled in Southrern Nigeria. As recently as 1930 a remnant of the Bene-Ephraim (Bani-Ifran) who maintained the original identity were found to be living amongst the Yorubas in the Ondo District. Amongst the Igbo the Biafrans (Ephraimites) became a ruling class whose authority was symbolized by the wearing of the Moorish Red Fez which to this day is a sign of an Igbo Chieftain.

During the 1990's an Igbo man named Chima petitioned the Israeli Courts for recognition of the Igbo as Israelites. His petition was presented with evidences of Ephraimite(Biafran) origins. Hausa states were founded by Bani-Ifran(Biafran Refugees) during the 10th Century. In understanding the tribal origins of the BIAFRANS it can be further understood that not only are the Igbo counted amongst the Biafrans but the Yoruba and Hausa as well.

It is through the ancient origin or understanding of Biafra as Bani-Ifran meaning of the tribe of Ephraim that the Hausa and Yoruba are connected to Biafra. It was Bani-Ifran refugees who settled in what is now Northern Nigeria who founded the Hausa States:Bayajidda was a representation of the followers of ABU YAZID of the Bani-Ifran who were the founders of the Hausa states. The Bani-Ifran(Bene-Ephraim) also settled amongst the Yoruba.

The indigenous inhabitants of the Southwest were at one time known as the Igbo. A Yoruba tribe living in the Kwara State is still known as IGBO-MINA. However there is a more ancient tribal origin which can be traced from the Bani-Ifran through the Bafour,Bafar and Biafar tribes. There is only one tribe who still uses Biafara as their tribal name. This is the BIAFADA of GUINEA-BISSAU WHO ARE ALTERNATIVELY KNOWN AS THE BIAFAR.

According to the port areas found within the Bight of Biafra maybe not as the article suggests. However most of the " Non-Igbo " of South Southeast Nigeria such as the Efik,Kwa,Ibibio of whom the article identifies as being "Authentic Biafrans" were at one time part of the " Greater Igbo Nation". The modern Biafran Republic is soley remembered as an "Igbo movement" because of the fact that the Igbo happen to be the majority living in the Southeast. However it definitely included ALL OF THE BIAFRANS OF THE SOUTHEAST INCLUDING THOSE WHO DID NOT CONSIDER THEMSELVES IGBO.
THIS IS VERIFIED IN THE FACT THAT THE 2ND PRESIDENT OF THE BIAFRAN REPUBLIC WAS AN OBONG OF THE EFIK: PHILLIP EFFIONG
IN THIS REGARD AND IN CONTRAST TO THE AIM OF THE ARTICLE,THE NAME BIAFRA MAY HAVE BEEN ADOPTED AS A NEUTRAL AND UNIFYING NAME FOR ALL OF THE VARIOUS TRIBAL ENTITIES FOUND IN THE SOUTHEAST. SINCE THE IGBO WERE THE MAJORITY IN THE SOUTHEAST THEY BORE THE BRUNT OF THE ANTI-BIAFRAN BACKLASH AFTER THE WAR.OUT OF THE INSTINCT TO SURVIVE SOME OF THE " NON-IGBO" BIAFRANS BEGAN TO DISTANCE THEMSELVES FROM THE IGBO. IN ADDITION OTHERS WHO EVEN IDENTIFIED THEMSELVES AS IGBO AT THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR NOW BEGAN TO DISAVOW ANY IGBO CONNECTION.

FOR MORE ON THE BIAFRANS VISIT
THE MOORISH BIAFRAN TEMPLE OF ISRAELITES@
WWW.MOORISHBIAFRA.COM
 

Biafrans - Who they are, part 1

Some people claim that Igbos are not Biafrans. They say that the genuine Biafrans inhabit Bayelsa, Rivers, Akwa Ibom and Cross River States; in other words, the genuine Biafrans are the native of Eastern Niger Delta. Igbos are not native to Eastern Niger Delta, Igbos are not genuine Biafrans; they are fake Biafrans. The genuine Biafrans belong to the South-South zone. Their allegations are based on the reports of the two historians Elizabeth Isichei and Adiele Afigbo.

Elizabeth Isichei and Adiele Afigbo, will not join people in telling lies concerning the relationship between Igbos and Biafra Isichei, though an Australian woman by birth, is an Igbo by marriage. She became Professor of History at the University of Jos in 1976 and is the leading Igbo historian. Afigbo became a Professor of History at the University of Nigeria in 1973. Afigbo read history at the University of Ibadan between 1958 and 1964, at a time when African history flourished greatly at the university.Igbo opinion leaders are free to ask for self-determination, non-marginalisation, possible secession of an all-embracing Igbo State from the federation of Nigeria. They ought to speak only on behalf of the Ígbo nation. No person will feel offended if they advertise probable secession plans for an all-Igbo-State but not Biafra, for Igbos are not Biafrans.

The Bight of Biafra, which General Yakubu Gowon, then Head of State of Nigeria, changed to ‘Bight of Bonny’in 1971 or so, is a geographical entity and not a political entity.

On 30 May, 1967, Chief Emeka Ojukwu turned the geographical entity into a political entity by including Igbos, thereby dragging Nigeria into an unprecedented 30-month experiment in human misery that cost the nation about two million lives, excluding invaluable property and monies that the barbaric war consumed.

A similar confusion appears to be raging in our National Assembly regarding a proper definition of the Niger Delta. Actually, the geographical Niger-Delta system covers virtually all the minor ethnic groups that constitute the South South zone of Nigeria. Igbos and Yorubas are not native to the Niger-Delta system. Some Igbos and Yorubas are native to various section of the River Niger but not to its Delta system.

However, just as Chief Ojukwu led the Igbos in 1967 to hijack Biafra from its genuine owners, deliberately ignoring the harbour cities of Port Harcourt and Calabar and making the riverless and rocky coal city of Enugu the political capital of a supposedly ocean situated nation, so have the Igbo and Yoruba power brokers at the National Assembly in 2000 introduced a political map of the Niger-Delta system (also known as the oil map of the Niger-Delta system) that now includes such riverless town as Umuahia, Aba and Owerri in Igboland and Akure in Yorubaland in the Niger-Delta system. Wonders shall never end.

Ceteris paribus, Enugu ought not to have been the political capital of Biafra between 1967 and 1970. Either Port Harcourt or Calabar should have been. Consider the numerous examples along the Gulf of Guinea from Senegal to Gabon. Virtually all the capital cities are situated near the cost. They include Dakar in Senegal, Banjul in Gambia, Bissau in Guinea Bissau, Conakry in Guinea, Freetown in Sierra Leone, Monrovia in Liberia, Abidjan in Ivory Coast (or Cote d’Ivoire), Accra in Ghana, Lome, in Togo, Porto-Novo in Benin and Libreville in Gabon.

The best example is exhibited in Equatorial Guinea where all the mainland cities were ignored and the island of Malabo serves as political capital. The only two exceptions are perhaps Nigeria and Cameroun. In the case of Nigeria, for about one and half centuries beginning from the 1840s, the coastal cities of Calabar and Lagos served as political capital. Abuja effectively became capital only in the out-going decade. Even at that, Abuja is situated at the centre of Nigeria unlike Enugu that is situated at the extreme northern border of Biafra. In the case of Cameroun, Yaounde, though not exactly on the coast, is also not very far from Douala, the nation’s biggest coastal city. Yaounde in Cameroun also greatly contrast with Enugu of Chief Emeka Ojukwu’s dream empire of ‘Biafra’.

Irrespective of the numerous political tricks played on the legitimage Biafrans on 30 May 1967 or those Igbo and Yoruba power-brokers are currently applying at the National Assembly, the truth remains transparent. As long as Geography and Politics (or Political Science) are studied in distinct departments in Nigerian universities, no amount of political tricks can succesfully camouflage the geographical fact under consideration, namely, that Igbos are not Biafrans.

Are they correct or is there maybe a more correct truth?

Read part 2 and make your own conclusions!